In today’s digital world, almost every application—from mobile banking and e-commerce to university portals and hospital systems—depends on the efficient storage, organization, and retrieval of data. As the amount of information generated by individuals and organizations continues to grow, managing this data in a structured and meaningful way becomes essential. This is where database systems play a central role. A database can be thought of as a well-organized collection of related data, designed so that it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. But the database itself is only one component. To manage it effectively, we rely on a specialized software package known as a Database Management System (DBMS) . A DBMS provides a systematic and automated way to store large volumes of data, enforce rules for consistency and correctness, protect data from unauthorized access, and allow multiple users to work with the data simultaneously without conflicts. A database typically has three...
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